Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are/have/utilizing a promising technology for wastewater treatment due to their high removal efficiency and compact design. PVDF hollow fiber membranes serve as/function as/act as the key separation element in MBRs, facilitating the separation/filtration/removal of suspended solids and microorganisms from wastewater. The

Nanobubbles, intriguing entities with unique physicochemical properties, have garnered significant focus in recent decades. These microscopic bubbles of gas contained within a liquid exhibit unusual stability and impact various processes in diverse fields. Generating and analyzing nanobubbles remains a complex endeavor, requiring advanced methods.